Regeneração óssea guiada para aumento horizontal de rebordo utilizando fibrina rica em plaquetas associada a enxertos ósseos: revisão de literatura / Guided bone regenerationfor horizontal bone augmentation using platelet- rich fibrin associated with bone grafts: literature review

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre os diferentes tipos de derivados de plaquetas autólogas e o desempenho clínico do uso do sticky bone para aumento ósseo horizontal de rebordo. Materiais e métodos: Para realização dessa revisão foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Google Scholar e Web of Science, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "platelet-rich fibrin" AND "sticky bone" OR "alveolar bone grafting" AND "sticky bone" OR "guided bone regeneration" AND "sticky bone" AND "alveolar ridge augmentation" OR "Alveolar ridge augmentation" AND "sticky bone". Foram incluídos artigos publicados em inglês, que abordavam conceitos relacionados aos agregados plaquetários e a regeneração óssea guiada para aumento ósseo horizontal de rebordo utilizando fibrina rica em plaquetas associada à enxertos ósseos (sticky bone). Resultados: Após avaliação dos estudos encontrados foram selecionados 11 artigos sobre o uso do sticky bone para aumento horizontal de rebordo. Para compor este trabalho foram selecionados também 14 estudos de revisão e artigos associados ao tema. Por ser de fácil aplicação e obtenção, muitos autores têm estudado as aplicações cirúrgicas do sticky bone e os resultados demonstram que o aumento horizontal do rebordo utilizando essa técnica pode ser realizado de forma previsível. Conclusão: apesar de haver estudos promissores sobre o uso do sticky bone, falta evidência na literatura sobre seu sucesso clínico. Assim, para compreender o potencial regenerativo desta técnica são necessários um maior número de estudos randomizados, com diferentes materiais de enxerto e protocolos padronizados de obtenção do sticky bone.(AU)

Objective: to review the literature on the different types of autologous platelet derivatives and the clinical performance of using sticky bone for horizontal bone ridge augmentation. Materials and methods: In order to conduct this review, it was conducted searches in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: "platelet-rich fibrin" AND "sticky bone" OR "alveolar bone grafting" AND "sticky bone" OR "guided bone regeneration" AND "sticky bone" AND "alveolar ridge augmentation" OR "Alveolar ridge augmentation" AND "sticky bone". It included articles published in English that addressed concepts related to platelet aggregates and guided bone regeneration for horizontal bone augmentation using platelet-rich fibrin associated with bone grafts (sticky bone). Results: After evaluating the studies found, were selected 11 articles on the use of sticky bone for horizontal ridge augmentation. To compose this work, 14 review studies and articles associated with the topic were also selected. Due to its ease of application and availability, many authors have explored the surgical applications of sticky bone, and the results indicate that horizontal ridge augmentation using this technique can be predictably performed. Conclusion: while there are promising studies on the use of sticky bone, the literature lacks evidence regarding its clinical success. Therefore, to fully understand the regenerative potential of this technique, further randomized studies are needed, involving different graft materials and standardized protocols for obtaining sticky bone.(AU)

Split crest con colocación simultánea de implantes en sector anterior: reporte de un caso / Split crest with simultaneous placement of implants in the anterior sector: a case report

La pérdida ósea en el sector anterior, ya sea por un defecto horizontal, vertical o combinado, actualmente es un desafío, no sólo por la integración del implante, sino por la estética involucrada. Entre las técnicas de regeneración ósea que permiten solucionar estos defectos, cabe destacar la técnica de expansión de crestas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 58 años con reborde atrófico, que se sometió a la expansión de crestas con colocación simultánea de implantes en sector anterior, con xenoinjerto previo a técnica de expansión de crestas con piezoeléctrico, colocación simultánea de implantes Narrow Connection SLActive Straumann. Se logró ganancia ósea y estabilidad primaria de los implantes, sin complicaciones. En escenarios seleccionados, la técnica de expansión de crestas de manera predecible permite ganancia de hueso horizontal adecuada, el éxito de los implantes con tasa de supervivencia y mínimas complicaciones intra y postoperatorias (AU)

Bone loss in the anterior sector, both a horizontal, vertical or combined defect is a challenge today; not only for the integration of the implant but also the aesthetic involved. There are techniques of bone regeneration that help us to solve this type of defects, among them we should highlight the crest expansion technique. We present the case of a 58-year-old patient with atrophic flange, who underwent the expansion of crests with simultaneous placement of implants in the anterior sector, with xenograft prior to the piezoelectric crest expansion technique, Simultaneous placement of Narrow Connection SLActive Straumann implants, bone gain and primary stability of the implants were obtained, without complications. In selected scenarios, the crest expansion technique could be considered a predictable approach that demonstrates a high implant survival rate, adequate horizontal bone gain, and minimal intra- and postoperative complications (AU)

Vertical bone augmentation with guided bone regeneration: a scoping review / Aumento óseo vertical con regeneración ósea guiada: scoping review

Introduction: There are multiple techniques for vertical bone augmentation. Guided bone regeneration is one of them; however, the literature is diverse and includes different study designs, which makes it difficult to synthesize results. Objective: To analyze the general technical characteristics, clinical results, and complications of vertical bone augmentation performed with guided bone regeneration in humans. Material and Methods: This scoping review was based on the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A search was performed in the Pubmed, Scielo, and Worldcat databases. Papers published from 1990 to April 2020 were included in the study. Research articles not conducted in humans or published in languages other than English and Spanish were excluded. Title and abstract were screened by two reviewers, then full studies were extracted, and data tabulated. Results: 89 studies were included. The highest percentage reported having obtained a vertical bone increase of less than 5 mm and having used non-resorbable membranes. The most frequent type of graft is autogenous and combinations of grafts, the most common being autogenous with xenograft. All studies that reported bone stability of implants in regenerated bone were favorable, as was implant survival, reporting values between 83.8% and 100%. Membrane exposure is the most frequently reported complication, followed by infection or abscesses, and tissue dehiscence. Conclusion: Vertical bone regeneration is a reliable technique, with high predictability and low incidence of complications compared to other vertical bone augmentation techniques.

Introducción: Existen múltiples técnicas para el aumento óseo vertical siendo una opción la regeneración ósea guiada, sin embargo, la literatura es diversa y con distintos diseños que dificultan la síntesis de resultados. Objetivo: Analizar las características generales técnicas, resultados clínicos y complicaciones del aumento óseo vertical realizado con regeneración ósea guiada en humanos. Material y Métodos: Esta revisión de alcance se basó en la guía PRISMA-ScR. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo y Worldcat. Fueron incluidos aquellos publicados desde el año 1990 hasta abril de 2020. Se excluyeron los estudios no realizados en humanos o publicados en idiomas distintos al inglés y español. Dos revisores examinaron título y resumen, luego los estudios completos se extrajeron y se ordenaron los datos en tablas. Resultados: 89 estudios fueron incluidos. El mayor porcentaje reportó haber obtenido un aumento óseo vertical menor a 5 mm y haber utilizado membranas no reabsorbibles. El tipo de injerto que más frecuente es el autógeno y las combinaciones de injertos, siendo el más común autógeno con xenoinjerto. Todos los estudios que reportaron estabilidad ósea de implantes en hueso regenerado fueron favorables, al igual que la supervivencia de implantes, reportando valores entre 83,8% y 100%. La exposición de membrana es la complicación que más se repite en los estudios, seguido por infección o abscesos y dehiscencia de tejidos. Conclusión: La regeneración ósea vertical es una técnica confiable, con alta predictibilidad y baja incidencia de complicaciones en comparación a otras técnicas de aumento óseo vertical.

Manejo interdisciplinario para una óptima rehabilitación oral / Interdisciplinary management for optimal oral rehabilitation

Las estrategias para el éxito en la rehabilitación bucal requieren de la interrelación de varias disciplinas que en conjunto logren resultados predecibles y duraderos. La visión individualizada de cada área de especialidad puede conllevar a no ofrecer la mejor alternativa de tratamiento, es por ello que la valoración, el diagnóstico y la planificación del caso clínico debe ser realizada por un equipo interdisciplinario para evitar esta situación y crear una sinergia en donde el «todo sea mayor que la suma de sus partes¼. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico en el cual intervinieron varias áreas de especialidad: periodoncia, prostodoncia, cirugía oral y patología bucal, logrando devolver la función y la estética a través del manejo interdisciplinario (AU)

The strategies for success in oral rehabilitation require the interrelation of several disciplines, which together, achieve predictable and lasting results. The individualized view of each specialty area may lead to not offering the best treatment alternative, which is why the assessment, diagnosis, and planning of the clinical case must be carried out by an interdisciplinary team to avoid this situation and create a synergy in where the «whole is greater than the sum of its parts¼. The objective of this work is to present a clinical case where several areas of specialty intervened: periodontics, prosthodontics, oral surgery, and oral pathology, thus achieving the return of function and aesthetics through interdisciplinary management (AU)

Horizontal ridge augmentation of a single atrophic site in the anterior maxilla using hydroxyapatite and rhBMP-2 / Augmento óseo horizontal de reborde alveolar en sitio atrófico único en maxila anterior usando hidroxiapatita y rhBMP-2

SUMMARY: Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) is a powerful osteo-inductive growth factor widely used in bone reconstruction and both the vehicle used to administer it and the scaffold substrate could determine its success in clinical situations. The aim was to analyse the clinical behaviour of dental implants placed in single alveolar ridges with a horizontal deficiency in the maxillary anterior region that were reconstructed horizontally with rhBMP-2 and porous hydroxyapatite (HA). Inclusion criteria were both males and females, between the ages of 18 and 29 with single tooth loss of one upper incisor. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was used to take measurements prior to bone augmentation and again prior to the implant insertion. Surgery was carried out under local anaesthetic. In the primary procedure, bone substitute was introduced using porous HA and rhBMP-2; after 4 to 5 months, dental implant surgery was carried out and the implant placed; after 3 months of consolidation the provisional prosthesis was placed and then a definitive restoration was placed. Variables were analysed using the t-test with a p-value of < 0.05 in order to assess statistical significance. Thirteen subjects were included (6 females and 7 males). Bone augmentation resulted in a bone gain of 4.15mm (p=0.023), which was shown to be statistically significant. All of the grafts placed were successful and 13 implants were placed, using torques between 30 and 70N, without complications. For the final prostheses, 11 were screw retained and 2 were cemented in place. The horizontal bone augmentation using HA and rhBMP-2 is an efficient technique for single bone defects in the anterior maxillary area; clinical trials on a larger scale are needed to confirm these results.

RESUMEN: La proteína ósea morfogenética (BMP-2) es un potente osteoinductor utilizado ampliamente en técnicas reconstructivas; el vehículo de instalación es determinante en su evolución. El objetivo fue analizar el comportamiento clínico de implantes dentales instalados en rebordes alveolares únicos con deficiencia horizontal del sector anterior reconstruida horizontalmente con BMP-2 e hidroxiapatita (HA) porosa. Fueron incluidos sujetos de ambos sexos de entre 18 y 29 años, con pérdida dentaria unitaria a nivel de incisivos superiores. Se utilizó tomografía computadorizada para realizar mediciones en las etapas previa a la instalación del injerto y previo a la instalación del implante. Las cirugías fueron realizadas bajo anestesia local. En la primera intervención se realizó la instalación del injerto óseo utilizando HA porosa y BMP-2; después de 4 a 5 meses se realizó la instalación del implante dental; 3 meses después se realizó la conexión protésica y rehabilitación final. Las variables fueron estudiadas con la prueba t test considerando el valor de p< 0,05 para considerar significancia estadística. Trece sujetos fueron incluidos (6 mujeres y 7 hombres); con la reconstrucción ósea se obtuvo una ganancia ósea de 4,15mm (p=0.023) que fue estadísticamente significativo. No existió pérdida en ningún injerto realizado; se instalaron 13 implantes con torques entre 30 y 70N sin complicaciones; se realizaron prótesis fijas atornilladas en 11 casos y cementadas en 2 casos. La técnica con HA y BMP- 2 es eficiente para reconstruir defectos horizontales en perdidas unitarias del sector anterior maxilar; ensayos clínicos de mayor escala son necesarios para confirmar estos resultados.

Cambios dimensionales de los tejidos peri-implantarios con injertos de tejido conectivo comparado con matrices xenogénicas / Dimensional changes of peri-implant tissues with connective tissue grafts vs. with xenogenic matrices

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar los cambios dimensionales de los tejidos peri-implantarios en la zona estética, después de la segunda etapa quirúrgica de injertos de tejido conectivo autógeno comparados con una matriz de colágeno xenogénica, después de 3 meses de cicatrización. Métodos: En una serie de casos de seis pacientes con defectos del reborde alveolar, se realizó un procedimiento de aumento de volumen de tejidos blandos, asignando al azar dos modalidades de tratamiento: injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial y matriz de colágeno dérmica acelular. Para evaluar los cambios dimensionales se tomaron impresiones antes del aumento y a los 90 días; estas fueron vaciadas para obtener modelos de yeso que fueron digitalizados; las dos imágenes fueron superpuestas; y tras la definición de tres puntos de interés, se calculó mediante un Software (D500 3D dental scanner - 3Shape, Copenhague, Dinamarca), los cambios dimensionales en milímetros. Se indagó por el dolor experimentado por los pacientes usando una escala visual análoga. Resultados: A los 90 días de realizada la cirugía, se observó un aumento en el grosor de los tejidos blandos peri-implantarios de 0,77 mm (rango 0,0-1,3) para el injerto de tejido conectivo, y 0,89 mm (rango 0,3-1,5) para la matriz dérmica acelular. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos modalidades de tratamiento, en ninguno de los tres puntos evaluados por paciente (p= 0,83; p= 0,83; p= 0,51). En cuanto al dolor experimentado entre el primer y séptimo días, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la zona receptora intergrupo (p= 0,07; p= 0,12); intragrupo, injerto (p= 0,11) y matriz (p= 0,32); ni en la zona donante del grupo del injerto (p= 0,11). Conclusiones: El aumento en el grosor de los tejidos peri-implantarios fue similar después de 90 días en los dos grupos del estudio(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Compare the dimensional changes of peri-implant tissues from the esthetic zone after the second surgical stage of autogenous connective tissue grafting vs. a xenogenic collagen matrix after three months' healing. Methods: A case-series of six patients with alveolar ridge defects underwent a soft tissue volume augmentation procedure, randomly assigning two treatment modes: subepithelial connective tissue graft and acellular dermal collagen matrix. Impressions were taken before augmentation and at 90 days to evaluate the dimensional changes. These were then emptied to obtain plaster models which were then digitalized. The two images were superimposed, and upon definition of three points of interest, the dimensional changes were estimated in millimeters with the software D500 3D dental scanner (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Inquiries were made about the pain experienced by patients using a visual analogue scale. Results: Ninety days after surgery, increase in thickness of peri-implant soft tissues was 0.77 mm (range 0.0-1.3) for the connective tissue graft and 0.89 mm (range 0.3-1.5) for the acellular dermal matrix. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatment modes at any of the three points evaluated per patient (p= 0.83, p= 0.83, p= 0.51). With respect to the pain experienced between the first and the seventh days, no statistically significant differences were found in the recipient zone intergroup (p= 0.07, p= 0.12), the graft intragroup (p= 0.11) and the matrix (p= 0.32), or in the donor zone of the graft group (p= 0.11). Conclusions: Increase in the thickness of peri-implant tissues after 90 days was similar in the two study groups(AU)

PLA/PGA and its co-Polymers in Alveolar Bone Regeneration. A Systematic Review / PLA/PGA y sus Copolímeros en Regeneración Ósea Alveolar. Una Revisión Sistemática

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to perform a systematic review to identify the most frequent uses of PLA/ PGA in alveolar bone regeneration and their results. A study was designed to answer the question: What are the most frequent uses of PLA/PLGA and their copolymers in alveolar bone regeneration?. A systematic search was done on MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS from April 1993 to December 2017. The search string used on MEDLINE was: (((polylactic acid) OR PLA) OR PLA-based copolymers) OR PLA blends) OR PLA scaffolds)) AND ((("Bone Regeneration"[Mesh]) OR bone regeneration) OR guided bone regeneration). The search was complemented by a manual review of the references from the articles included. Most of the studies selected were weak and, regarding the most frequent uses of PLA/PGA, 13 studies used it as a resorbable membrane, two as an absorbable mesh, one as an absorbable screw and three as filling material. Based on our results, the authors consider that PLA/PGA requires a delicate relation between the mechanical resistance and the degradation process. PLA/PGA does not interrupt bone regeneration; however, the influence in cellular events related to bone regeneration and later osseointegration have not been identified.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PGA en regeneración ósea en área maxilofacial y sus resultados. Se diseñó un estudio para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PLGA y sus copolímeros en regeneración ósea en el sector maxilofacial?. Los estudios seleccionados fueron en su mayoría débiles y sobre los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PGA, 13 estudios lo utilizaron como membrana reabsorbible, 2 estudios como malla absorbible, un estudio como tornillo absorbible y 3 estudios como material de relleno. En base a nuestros resultados, los autores estiman que PLA/PGA requiere una delicada relación entre la resistencia mecánica que ofrece y la degradación que se produce; PLA/ PGA no interrumpe la regeneración ósea, sin embargo, no se ha identificado la potencialidad o influencia que presenta en los eventos celulares de la regeneración y posterior oseointegración.

Uso do hormônio do crescimento associado à fibrina rica em plaquetas e leucócitos injetável (I-PRF) / Use of the growth hormone associated with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF)

Objetivo: demonstrar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, a utilização do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e concentrados plaquetários e sugerir técnica de associação de uso para odontologia em processos de preservação de osso alveolar. Revisão de literatura: enxertos ósseos são uma necessidade na área da saúde, por diversas razões. A utilização de osso autógeno apresenta grande desvantagem em ter um segundo sítio cirúrgico, entretanto, os substitutos ósseos não possuem as características ideais. Assim, existe a busca por alternativas que otimizem a cicatrização e a incorporação dos substitutos ósseos, dentre elas os concentrados sanguíneos, ricos em fatores de crescimento derivados das plaquetas e o hormônio do crescimento. É possível encontrar uma vasta literatura utilizando os concentrados sanguíneos, inclusive utilizando esses como veículos para outras substâncias. Os concentrados sanguíneos são ricos em fatores de crescimento derivados das plaquetas, como fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina (IGF), Fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas (PDGF) e outros. Além disso, também é possível encontrar, na literatura, o uso tópico de hormônio do crescimento em enxertos ósseos, fraturas e implantes dentários. Entretanto, o GH possui uma meia-vida de 20 minutos, assim, quando utilizado em conjunto com a I-PRF, espera-se um aumento no tempo de ação local. Considerações finais: é possível otimizar os enxertos ósseos utilizando-se L-PRF/I-PRF e hormônio do crescimento. Porém, são necessárias mais pesquisas.(AU)

Objective: this study aims to show through a literature review the use of the growth hormone and platelet concentrates and to suggest an association technique for dentistry use in alveolar bone preservation processes. Literature review: bone grafts are a health requirement for a number of reasons. The use of autogenous bone has the main disadvantage of a second surgical site, while bone substitutes do not present optimal characteristics. Thus, there is a search for alternatives that optimize the healing and incorporation of bone substitutes, which include blood concentrates that are rich in platelet-derived growth factors and the growth hormone. A vast literature can be found on blood concentrates, including their use as vehicles to other substances. Blood concentrates are rich in platelet-derived growth factors such as IGF, PDGF, and others. Moreover, the literature also shows the topical use of the growth hormone in bone grafts, fractures, and dental implants. However, the growth hormone presents a half-life of 20 minutes; therefore, when combined with I-PRF, an increased time in local action is expected. Final considerations: it is possible to optimize bone grafts by using L-PRF/I-PRF and the growth hormone. However, further research is required.(AU)

Manejo de la cresta maxilar atrófica con la técnica de Ridge Split / Management of the Athrofic Maxilar Crest with the Ridge Split Technique

Resumen 14. Introducción: la atrofia ósea del reborde maxilar siempre es una limitante para instalar implantes dentales. El procedimiento de Ridge Split demuestra ser una técnica exitosa para realizar el manejo de los defectos horizontales, aumentando las dimensiones del reborde atrófico para instalar de forma inmediata implantes dentales. Objetivo: describir el uso clínico de la técnica de Ridge Split como tratamiento del aumento óseo en sentido horizontal del maxilar atrófico. Presentación del caso: se presentó el caso de una paciente femenina de 61 años de edad, edéntula parcial, que busca recuperar sus dientes superiores. Al examen clínico presenta solo dos dientes y al examen radiográfico-tomográfico se observó reabsorción ósea severa y neumatización de los senos maxilares. Se planifica instalar dos implantes para realizar una sobre dentadura, utilizando la técnica de Ridge Split e instalación inmediata de los implantes. Cinco meses posteriores, se realiza un control tomográfico evidenciando aumento horizontal del reborde alveolar y se rehabilita con una sobredentadura, con lo que se logró la conformidad estética y funcional de la paciente. Conclusión: el caso presentado revela que esta técnica incrementa el reborde oseo en sentido horizontal y permite instalar en forma simultánea los implantes. Es un tratamiento predecible, seguro y cómodo, y acorta el tiempo de tratamiento, por lo que es una alternativa viable para el manejo de los defectos óseos alveolares.

Abstract 20. Introduction: the bony atrophy of the maxillary ridge is always a limitation to install dental implants. The Ridge Split procedure proves to be a successful technique to perform the management of horizontal defects, increasing the dimensions of the atrophic ridge to immediately install dental implants. Aim: to describe the clinical use of the Ridge Split technique as a treatment for bone augmentation in the horizontal direction of the atrophic maxilla. Case presentation: the case of a female patient of 61 years of age, partially edentulous, who seeks to recover her upper teeth was presented. The clinical examination shows only two teeth and the radiographic-tomographic examination showed severe bone resorption and pneumatization of the maxillary sinuses. It is planned to install two implants to make an over denture, using the Ridge Split technique and immediate installation of the implants. Five months later, a tomographic control was performed evidencing a horizontal increase of the alveolar ridge and it was rehabilitated with an overdenture, with which the patient's aesthetic and functional compliance was achieved. Conclusion: the presented case reveals that this technique increases the bone ridge in horizontal direction and allows to install the implants simultaneously. It is a predictable, safe and comfortable treatment, and shortens the treatment time, making it a viable alternative for the management of alveolar bone defects.

Histological evaluation of subepithelial connective tissue grafts harvested by two different techniques: preliminary study in humans

Subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) is an essential therapeutic tool in periodontal plastic surgery and implantology. The aim of this preliminary study was to observe and make a histological and histomorphometric comparison of the composition of subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTGs) harvested from the palatal mucosa by two different harvesting techniques: mucoperiosteal (lamina propria and complete submucosa including periosteum) and mucosal (lamina propria and a portion of the submucosa). The main hypothesis proposes that SCTG harvested with the mucosal technique contains a greater proportion of connective tissue proper (CTP) and a lower proportion of adipose tissue (AT) than the mucoperiosteal technique. Twenty healthy patients who required SCTG for different purposes were selected and assigned to one of the two following groups: group A (n=10; mucoperiosteal harvesting technique) and group B (n=10, mucosal harvesting technique). The histological sample was obtained by removing a 2 mm thick slice from the most distal portion of the graft. The proportions of adipose tissue (AT), connective tissue proper (CTP) and vascular tissue (VT) were evaluated. In group A, histomorphometric analysis showed that CTP accounted for 58.2% of the graft while AT accounted for 32.64%. In group B, the proportions of CTP and AT were 79.86% and 11.93%, respectively. The differences between groups were statistically significant for both tissues (p< .05). In contrast, no statistically significant difference was observed in the proportion of VT. Within the limitations of this study, the results show that the SCTGs harvested by the mucosal technique contain a greater proportion of CTP and a lower proportion of AT than those obtained by the mucoperiosteal technique, whereas the proportion of VT does not differ. Further longterm clinical and histological studies with more samples are needed to evaluate the clinical implications of SCTG composition (AU)

El injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial (ITCSE) es una herramienta indispensable en la cirugía plástica periodontal y la implantología. El objetivo del presente estudio preliminar fue observar y comparar histológica e histomorfometricamente la composición de los injertos de tejido conectivo subepitelial (ITCSE) obtenidos de la mucosa palatina mediante dos técnicas diferentes: mucoperióstica (lamina propia y submucosa incluyendo el periostio) y mucosa (lámina propia y parte de la submucosa). La principal hipótesis postula que el ITCSE obtenido mediante la técnica mucosa contiene mayor proporción de tejido conectivo propiamente dicho (TCP) y menor proporción de tejido adiposo (TA) que el obtenido mediante la técnica mucoperióstica. El presente estudio incluyó veinte pacientes sanos que requerían ITCSE por diferentes motivos, los cuales fueron distribuidos de forma equitativa en dos grupos: grupo A (n=10; técnica de obtención mucoperióstica) y grupo B (n=10; técnica de obten ción mucosa). La muestra histológica se obtuvo removiendo una porción de 2 mm de ancho de la parte más distal del injerto. Se evaluó la proporción (%) de tejido adiposo (TA), tejido conectivo propiamente dicho (TCP) y tejido vascular (TV). En el grupo A, el análisis histomorfométrico mostró que el TCP constituía el 58.2% del tejido mientras que el tejido adiposo constituía el 32.64%. En el grupo B, la proporción de TCP y AT fue 79.86% y 11.93%, respectivamente. Las diferencias obser vadas entre los grupos fueron estadísticamente significativas para ambos tejidos (p< .05). En cambio, no se observaron dife rencias estadísticamente significativas en la proporción de TV. Dentro de las limitaciones del presente estudio, los resultados mostraron que los ITCSE obtenidos mediante la técnica mu cosa contienen mayor proporción de TCP y menor proporción de TA que los obtenidos con la técnica mucoperióstica, mientras que el TV permanece estable. Se requieren estudios longitudinales clínicos e histológicos a largo plazo con mayor cantidad de muestras para evaluar las implicancias clínicas de la composición del ITCSE (AU)

Horizontal Bone Reconstruction on sites with different amounts of native bone: a retrospective study

Abstract: The lack of guidelines for bone augmentation procedures might compromise decision making in implantology. The objective of this study was to perform a retrospective study to verify the outcomes of horizontal bone reconstruction in implant dentistry with different types of materials and amounts of native bone in the recipient bed to allow for a new guideline for horizontal bone reconstruction. One hundred preoperative CT scans were retrospectively evaluated and categorized in accordance to horizontal bone defects as presence (Group P) or absence (Group A) of cancellous bone in the recipient bed. Different approaches were used to treat the edentulous ridge and the outcomes were defined either as satisfactory or unsatisfactory regarding the possibility of implant placement. The percentage distribution of the patients according to the presence or absence of cancellous bone was 92% for Group P and 8% for Group A. In Group P, 98% of the patients had satisfactory outcomes, and the use of autografts had 100% of satisfactory outcomes in this group. In Group A, 37.5% of the patients had satisfactory outcomes, and the use of autografts also yielded 100% of satisfactory outcomes. The use of allografts and xenografts in Group A had 0% and 33.3% of satisfactory outcomes, respectively. Therefore, it seems reasonable to speculate that the presence of cancellous bone might be predictive and predictable when the decision includes bone substitutes. In cases of absence of cancellous bone in the recipient bed, the use of a vitalized graft seems to be mandatory.

Effects of strontium ranelate on alveolar ridge morphology augmentation / Efectos del ranelato de estroncio en el aumento del rebforde alveolar

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to compare the Primary and Secondary stability of immediate implant placement with Alveolar Ridge Augmentation (ARA) and Strontium Ranelate (SR) as aids to enhance the stability using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). Fifty eight subjects ideal for immediate implants were assigned to two groups to compare the primary and secondary stability of the implant using Alveolar Ridge Augmentation and oral strontium ranelate. They were tested for primary stability on placement of the implant and after eight weeks of placement for secondary stability. The stability was measured using resonance frequency analysis. Both the procedures showed an improvement in the stability but the Alveolar Ridge Augmentation procedure showed a significantly better primary stability (P< .03) and the secondary stability (P<.00). The means of the implant stability quotient value (ISQ) for the Alveolar ridge augmentation procedure was 74.2 for primary stability, and 83.34 for secondary stability. With the enhancement of stability with both the procedures Alveolar Ridge Augmentation proved to be a better procedure to achieve successful results of an immediately placed implant.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la estabilidad primaria y secundaria de la colocación inmediata del implante con el aumento de reborde alveolar (ARA) y el ranelato de estroncio (SR) como ayudas para mejorar la estabilidad mediante el análisis de frecuencia de resonancia (RFA). Cincuenta y ocho sujetos, ideales para implantes inmediatos, fueron asignados a dos grupos para comparar las estabilidades primaria y secundaria del implante usando el aumento del reborde alveolar y el ranelato de estroncio oral. Se efectuaron pruebas de estabilidad primaria en la colocación del implante, y después de ocho semanas para la estabilidad secundaria. La estabilidad se midió utilizando análisis de frecuencia de resonancia. Ambos procedimientos mostraron una mejora en la estabilidad, sin embargo el procedimiento del aumento del reborde alveolar mostró una estabilidad primaria significativamente mejor (P <0,03) que la estabilidad secundaria (P <0,00). Las medias del valor de cociente de estabilidad del implante (ISQ) para el procedimiento de aumento de reborde alveolar fueron 74,2 para la estabilidad primaria y 83,34 para la estabilidad secundaria. Se observó una mejora de la estabilidad en ambos procedimientos, el aumento del reborde alveolar demostró ser un mejor procedimiento para lograr resultados exitosos del posicionamiento de implante inmediato.

The use of the mandibular ramus for alveolar reconstruction in oral implantology / Uso de rama mandibular para reconstrucción alveolar en implantología oral

Bone grafts are widely used in alveolar ridge augmentations to allow correct implant installations. Intraoral donor sites, such as the maxillary tuberosity, symphysis and mandibular ramus have presented good characteristics and outcomes; however, the mandibular ramus has comparative advantages that promote its increased use. The aim of this work is to describe the current results of the mandibular ramus as a donor site for obtaining bone grafts to be used in alveolar bone augmentations in oral implantology and to determine the survival rate of the implants installed in the grafted sites. A systematic search of the scientific literature between December 2000 and March 2017 was carried out on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and SciELO databases, analyzing each article according to the method of diagnosis and planning, bone resorption at the receptor site, presence of postoperative complications and implant survival rate. Eleven works were included in this study with an average of 43 patients; the follow-up times varied between 6 and 120 months, considering in addition an average success rate of 98.7 % in the implants installed in sites reconstructed with mandibular ramus bone; low morbidity in the site mainly linked to temporary neurosensory alterations was identified. It may be concluded that the need for a second surgical site to obtain graft material and the longer time the treatment requires until implant rehabilitation continue to be disadvantages; nevertheless, the mandibular ramus donor site presents low morbidity, high versatility in its use and predictable results for the dental implant installation.

Los injertos óseos son ampliamente utilizados en el aumento de rebordes alveolares atróficos para permitir la correcta instalación de implantes. Sitios donantes intraorales, tales como tuberosidad de la maxila, sínfisis y rama mandibular han presentado buenas caracteristicas y resultados, sin embargo la rama mandibular presenta ventajas comparativas que estimulan el aumento en su uso. El objetivo de éste trabajo es describir los resultados actuales de la rama mandibular como sitio donante en la obtención de injertos óseos para ser utilizados en aumentos oseos alveolares en implantología oral y determinar la tasa de sobrevida de los implantes instalados en los sitios injertados. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura científica entre Diciembre del 2000 y Marzo de 2017 en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS y SciELO, analizando cada articulo según el método de diagnóstico y planificación, la reabsorción ósea en el sitio receptor, presencia de complicaciones postoperatorias y tasa de sobrevida de los implantes dentales instalados. Se incluyeron 11 trabajos en este estudio con un promedio de 43 pacientes; los tiempos de seguimiento de los sujetos fluctuaron entre los 6 y 120 meses, considerando además una tasa de éxito promedio de 98,7 % en los implantes instalados en sitios reconstruidos con hueso de rama mandibular; se identificó una baja morbilidad en el sitio donante vinculada principalmente a alteraciones neurosensoriales transitorias. Se puede concluir que continúa siendo una desventajas la necesidad del segundo sitio operatorio para la obtención de injerto y el mayor tiempo que alcanza el tratamiento hasta la rehabilitación del implante; aun asi, el sitio donante de rama mandibular presenta baja morbilidad, alta versatilidad en su empleo y resultados predecibles para la instalación de implantes dentales.

Preservação e aumento de rebordo alveolar após perda de implante osseointegrado / Ridge preservation and augmentation after dental implant failure ­ a case report

Este relato de caso objetivou descrever as técnicas de preservação e aumento de rebordo alveolar após perda de um implante osseointegrado. Paciente com 54 anos de idade, do sexo feminino, procurou o serviço odontológico da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, pois um implante instalado há cincos anos na região do dente 25 encontrava-se com mobilidade. Ao exame clínico e radiográfico, constatou-se perda da osseointegração e extensa perda óssea da região vestibular. Realizou-se a remoção do implante, preservação e aumento de rebordo alveolar com enxerto de osso bovino desproteinizado e membrana de colágeno. Além do aumento da densidade óssea da região, observou-se aumento em espessura gengival, o que favoreceu a estética da área. Nove meses após esses procedimentos, um implante do tipo hexágono externo foi instalado. Posteriormente, uma nova prótese foi confeccionada. Concluiu-se que a preservação de rebordo alveolar é uma técnica de fundamental importância para a adequada instalação de implantes osseointegrados, pois favorece aspectos funcionais e estéticos, podendo ser aplicada em casos de perda de implantes e de dentes.

This case report aimed to describe a case of ridge preservation after loss of an osseointegrated implant. A 54 years-old female sought the dental service of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul because her implant, installed five years prior the initial exam, in the region of the element 25, presented mobility. Clinical and tomographic exams showed loss of osseointegration and extensive bone loss in the buccal surface. The implant was removed and the ridge preservation and augmentation was performed with deproteinized bovine bone graft and collagen membrane. In addition to the increased bone density in the region, the gingival thickness were increased in the region, favoring the aesthetics. After nine months, an external hexagon implant was installed. Aftwerwards, a new prosthesis was placed. It was concluded that the ridge preservation is extremely important for proper installation of osseointegrated dental implants, providing better functional and aesthetics aspects and can be applicable to cases where dental implants or tooth were lost.

Aumento ósseo vertical com instalação simultânea de implante dentário pela técnica Bone Ring ­ acompanhamento clínico de dois anos / Vertical bone augmentation with simultaneous placement of dental implant using the bone ring technique ­ a 2-year clinical follow-up

Os procedimentos de enxertia óssea para ganho vertical ainda são temerários na Implantodontia. Não há um consenso na literatura sobre as técnicas para aumento em altura da crista óssea alveolar para futura colocação de implantes. Além disso, o tempo de tratamento é demasiadamente prolongado quando são realizadas as técnicas de enxerto ósseo com implantação tardia. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever uma técnica para aumento ósseo vertical simultâneo à instalação de implante denominado bone ring. Paciente apresentando severo defeito ósseo em altura e largura na região do dente 14 foi reabilitada a partir da reconstrução óssea tridimensional com anel ósseo removido da área mentual e implantação imediata à fixação do enxerto. Após seis meses, foram realizados a reabertura e procedimentos protéticos de personalização de perfil de emergência, com posterior instalação de coroa metalocerâmica. Decorridos dois anos de acompanhamento, notou-se estabilidade tecidual peri-implantar sem remodelações severas do tecido ósseo peri-implantar. Pôde-se concluir que a técnica de reconstrução óssea tridimensional simultânea à instalação de implante ­ bone ring ­ é uma alternativa viável, mediante rigoroso planejamento e curva de aprendizado indicada para defeitos ósseos severos.

Bone grafting procedures for vertical bone augmentation are still an issue on implant dentistry. There is no literature consensus regarding techniques for alveolar ridge height increase for further implant placement. Besides, treatment times are extended in case of delayed implant placement. The aim of this paper was to describe a technique for vertical bone augmentation at the same time of implant installation (bone ring). A patient having a several bone defect in height and width at the region of tooth 14 received a 3D reconstruction with a bone ring removed from the chin area. Six months later, implant exposure was performed with procedures for soft tissue conditioning and delivery of a metalloceramic restoration. Tissue stability and no significant bone remodeling were observed after two years. The proposed technique for three-dimensional reconstruction ­ bone ring ­ is a viable alternative provided that judicious treatment planning and considerable learning curve are observed to manage severe bone defects.

Aspectos quirúrgicos de la regeneración ósea vertical con membrana con refuerzo de titanio, de forma simultánea a la colocación de implantes: informe de un caso / Surgical aspects of vertical ridge augmentation with titanium-reinforced membrane, simultaneous to implant placement: report of a case

Objetivo: presentar los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados para el aumento vertical del reborde alveolar en simultáneo a la colocación de implantes, y su reentrada a los 10 meses. Adicionalmente, discutir en detalle las condiciones necesarias para obtener éxito y predictibilidad en las técncias de regeneración ósea guiada. Caso clínico: una paciente de sexo femenino, de 31 años de edad, se presentó a la consulta para la rehabilitación de implantes colocados en las piezas 24 y 25. Debido a su incorrecta alineación tridimensional, y considerando las demandas estéticas del caso, se decidió realizar la explantación. Se llevó a cabo un aumento de tejidos blandos y a posteriori, se efectuó la regeneración ósea del sitio mediante una membrana no reabsorbible con refuerzo de titanio y hueso bovino particulado, de manera simultánea a la colocación de los implantes. Conclusiones: la regeneración ósea guiada resultó exitosa. Es imprescindible una correcta evaluación prequirúrgica, a fin de conocer las características del sitio que debe regenerarse, para poder seleccionar la técnica más adecuada en cada caso. La precisión en la técnica quirúrgica, el cierre primario y los cuidados posquirúrgicos son de suma importancia para el éxito del tratamiento.

Long-term effects of vertical bone augmentation: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Extraction, periodontitis, or trauma can cause a reduction on the alveolar ridge. This could result in an insufficient alveolar bone width and height. Different techniques of vertical bone augmentation are described in literature. However, nowadays there is not enough evidence against lateral augmentation procedures to verify if these techniques are stable over a long period of time. Objective This review analyses the different techniques that are used to vertically augment the bone and evaluate if these techniques are stable over a long period of time. Material and Methods The MEDLINE-PubMed database was searched from its earliest records until December 22, 2014. The following search term was used: Alveolar Ridge augmentation [MESH]. Several journals were hand searched and some authors were contacted for additional information. The primary outcome measure that was analyzed was marginal bone level change around dental implants in the augmented sites, and the secondary outcomes were survival and success rates of dental implants placed in the augmented sites. Results The search yielded 203 abstracts. Ultimately, 90 articles were selected, describing 51 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. The marginal bone level change for the inlay technique and vertical guided bone regeneration are in agreement with the success criteria. Alveolar distraction showed more marginal bone level change after the first year of loading, and for the inlay technique very few studies were available. Conclusions Based on the available data in the current existing studies with a follow-up period of at least 4 to 5 years, one can summarize that there seems to be a trend that the onlay technique, alveolar distraction, and vertical guided bone regeneration are stable for at least 4 to 5 years.

Regeneración ósea guiada en defectos de tipo II: revisión bibliográfica y presentación de un caso clínico / Guided bone regeneration in type II defects: review of the literature and report of a clinical case

La regeneración ósea guiada es una técnica capaz depromover la neoformación ósea. A través de la aplicaciónde la misma se pueden corregir los defectosóseos como dehiscencias, fenestraciones y defectoscircunferenciales similares a los causados por unaextracción dentaria. Esta técnica permite además, elaumento horizontal y vertical del reborde alveolar.La finalidad de este trabajo es la de realizar una revisiónbibliográfica para evaluar los beneficios de laregeneración ósea guiada en defectos de tipo II.

Guided bone regeneration is a techniquecapable of promoting the new bone formation.The bone defects such as dehiscences andfenestrations circumferential defects similar to thosecaused by a tooth extraction could becorrect through the application of the same.This technique also allows increased horizontaland vertical alveolar ridge. The purpose of thiswork is the carry out of a literature review toevaluate the benefits of bone regenerationguided defects in type II.

Evaluación clínica e imagenológica de dos técnicas de preservación de reborde alveolar post exodoncia / Clinical assessment and imaging of two preservation techniques of alveolar ridge post exodontia

Ninguna técnica de preservación alveolar ha logrado conservar totalmente las dimensiones iniciales del reborde, luego de la extracción dentaria. Se ha reportado falta de evidencia científica y de estudios prospectivos que utilicen los alvéolos post exodoncia como control. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar clínica e imagenológicamente las variaciones dimensionales del reborde óseo utilizando diferentes técnicas de preservación alveolar en un periodo de 6 a 8 semanas post exodoncia. Se recolectaron 10 pacientes con indicación de exodoncia de cuatro premolares por indicación de ortodoncia, usando un diseño de maxilares divididos. Un lado experimental (dos alvéolos) y el otro lado como control (dos alvéolos). Se observó que existieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) de reabsorción ósea entre el grupo experimental superior con el grupo control superior. El 33,3% se los alvéolos experimentales presentaron algún tipo de exposición de membrana oclusiva, siendo la más frecuente la Matriz Dérmica Acelular (50%). La técnica de exodoncia mínimamente traumática es la forma más simple y económica de preservar el reborde alveolar. No fue posible determinar cuál técnica es más eficiente para conservar las dimensiones del reborde alveolar.

No ridge preservation technique has achieved to fully sustain the initial dimensions of the alveolar bone at the moment of tooth extraction. Lack of scientific evidence and prospective studies that use the alveolus as control site have been reported. The aim of this study was to clinically and imagenologically compare the variation of the alveolar ridge dimensions, using different alveolar ridge preservation techniques in a period of 6 to 8 weeks post tooth extraction. Ten (10) patients with orthodontic tooth extraction indication of four premolars were collected, using a split mouth design. An experimental side (two sockets) and the other side as control (two sockets). There were significant differences of bone resorption between the superior experimental group and the superior control group. 33, 3% of the experimental alveolus showed some kind of barrier membrane exposure, being Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) the most frequent (50%). The atraumatic extraction technique is the most simple and economic way of preserving the alveolar ridge. It was not possible to determine which technique is the most efficient to conserve la alveolar ridge dimensions.

Estudio clínico e histológico de aloinjerto de hueso liofilizado en alvéolos pos extracción: presentación de caso clínico / Clinical and histological study of bone freeze drying allograft in postextraction sockets: report of a clinical case

Objetivos: evaluar las respuestas clínicas e histológicas y determinar la calidad del hueso obtenido por medio del aloinjerto utilizado en un alvéolo posextracción en el que se realizó una técnica de preservación del volumen alveolar, a fin de colocar implantes. Caso clínico: una paciente de 47 años recibió un tratamiento de preservación del volumen alveolar posextracción mediante aloinjerto de hueso liofilizado (matriz ósea UNC en polvo) contenido por una lámina ósea cortical (matriz ósea UNC en membrana). A los 120 días, se tomó biopsia y se colocaron implantes. La muestra se observó con microscopía óptica. Conclusión: histológicamente, se identificaron restos de partículas y de lámina ósea, e intensos fenómenos de angiogénesis y neoformación ósea. La observación clínica permitió visualizar los márgenes nítidos del reborde y verificar la conservación del volumen ósea en el lugar en el que se realizó la fijación primaria de los implantes. La técnica de preservación con los biomateriales citados permite la colocación del implante en una posición adecuada, con resultados funcionales y estéticos.